diff --git a/src/errors/index.ts b/src/errors/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d97ed8580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/errors/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+/**
+ * Centralized error utilities and base types.
+ *
+ * This module provides:
+ * - ClawdbotError: Base error class with code and metadata support
+ * - Common error utilities for formatting and type checking
+ * - Re-exports of domain-specific errors for discoverability
+ *
+ * Domain errors remain co-located with their modules for cohesion.
+ * This index provides a single discovery point for error types.
+ */
+
+// Base error class with standardized structure
+export type ErrorCode = string;
+
+export interface ErrorMetadata {
+  [key: string]: unknown;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Base error class for Clawdbot errors.
+ * Provides consistent structure with error codes and metadata.
+ */
+export class ClawdbotError extends Error {
+  readonly code: ErrorCode;
+  readonly metadata?: ErrorMetadata;
+
+  constructor(
+    code: ErrorCode,
+    message: string,
+    options?: { cause?: unknown; metadata?: ErrorMetadata },
+  ) {
+    super(message, { cause: options?.cause });
+    this.name = "ClawdbotError";
+    this.code = code;
+    this.metadata = options?.metadata;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a JSON-serializable representation.
+   */
+  toJSON(): Record<string, unknown> {
+    return {
+      name: this.name,
+      code: this.code,
+      message: this.message,
+      metadata: this.metadata,
+      stack: this.stack,
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Type guard for ClawdbotError instances.
+ */
+export function isClawdbotError(err: unknown): err is ClawdbotError {
+  return err instanceof ClawdbotError;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Type guard for Error instances.
+ */
+export function isError(err: unknown): err is Error {
+  return err instanceof Error;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract the error message from any value.
+ */
+export function getErrorMessage(err: unknown): string {
+  if (err instanceof Error) return err.message;
+  if (typeof err === "string") return err;
+  if (typeof err === "number" || typeof err === "boolean" || typeof err === "bigint") {
+    return String(err);
+  }
+  if (err && typeof err === "object" && "message" in err) {
+    const message = (err as { message: unknown }).message;
+    if (typeof message === "string") return message;
+  }
+  return String(err);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract the error code from any value.
+ */
+export function getErrorCode(err: unknown): string | undefined {
+  if (isClawdbotError(err)) return err.code;
+  if (!err || typeof err !== "object") return undefined;
+  const code = (err as { code?: unknown }).code;
+  if (typeof code === "string") return code;
+  if (typeof code === "number") return String(code);
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract HTTP status code from an error if present.
+ */
+export function getErrorStatus(err: unknown): number | undefined {
+  if (!err || typeof err !== "object") return undefined;
+  const candidate =
+    (err as { status?: unknown }).status ?? (err as { statusCode?: unknown }).statusCode;
+  if (typeof candidate === "number" && Number.isFinite(candidate)) return candidate;
+  if (typeof candidate === "string" && /^\d+$/.test(candidate)) return Number(candidate);
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Format an error for logging (includes stack trace for Error instances).
+ */
+export function formatErrorForLog(err: unknown): string {
+  if (err instanceof Error) {
+    return err.stack ?? err.message ?? err.name;
+  }
+  return getErrorMessage(err);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Format an error for user display (no stack trace).
+ */
+export function formatErrorForUser(err: unknown): string {
+  if (isClawdbotError(err)) {
+    return `[${err.code}] ${err.message}`;
+  }
+  return getErrorMessage(err);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wrap an unknown error in a ClawdbotError if it isn't already one.
+ */
+export function wrapError(err: unknown, code: ErrorCode, defaultMessage?: string): ClawdbotError {
+  if (isClawdbotError(err)) return err;
+  const message = getErrorMessage(err) || defaultMessage || "Unknown error";
+  return new ClawdbotError(code, message, { cause: err });
+}
+
+// Re-export common error utilities from infra
+export { extractErrorCode, formatErrorMessage, formatUncaughtError } from "../infra/errors.js";
+
+// Re-export domain-specific errors for discoverability
+export { FailoverError, isFailoverError } from "../agents/failover-error.js";
+export { MediaFetchError, type MediaFetchErrorCode } from "../media/fetch.js";
+export { GatewayLockError } from "../infra/gateway-lock.js";
+export { SsrFBlockedError } from "../infra/net/ssrf.js";
+export { MissingEnvVarError } from "../config/env-substitution.js";
+export { SafeOpenError } from "../infra/fs-safe.js";
+export { ConfigIncludeError } from "../config/includes.js";
+export { DuplicateAgentDirError } from "../config/agent-dirs.js";
+export { MediaUnderstandingSkipError } from "../media-understanding/errors.js";
+
+// Re-export error classification utilities
+export {
+  isContextOverflowError,
+  isLikelyContextOverflowError,
+  isRateLimitErrorMessage,
+  isTimeoutErrorMessage,
+  isBillingErrorMessage,
+  isAuthErrorMessage,
+  isOverloadedErrorMessage,
+  classifyFailoverReason,
+} from "../agents/pi-embedded-helpers/errors.js";